Literatur Recherche

Changing measurements can seem relatively troublesome. Changing inches to centimetres is actually a beneficial tool within the architecture area and also other comparable companies.

Switching measurements normally require only a couple of procedures regarding either multiplication or division. This can be accomplished both by using a calculator or simply manually with a pen and some paper. In any case it may need just moments to change inches in centimeters.

Quick Glance at the Centimeter and Inch

A centimeter is utilized to actually estimate the size of physical objects over a worldwide scale. It’s really part of the International System of Units or ISU and has been an averagemeasurementquantity for as early as 1875. In 1875 the ‘Conversion du Metre’ or Treaty of the Meter was signed on the 20th of May that year in Paris. Since the treaty was signed over 40 nations including theUnited States signed alsomaking the centimeter a part oftheir measurement and conversion system.

In today’s society the United Statesis slow-moving to fullyimplementing this ISU measurement and sostill favor tomake use of theEnglish Customary Standards. Thesecriteriatypically use inches instead of thecentimetre. As a resultmany people seek outan easy methodin which to transforminches to centimetres.

Nearly all are still knowledgeable aboutthe application ofinches however ,centimetres is widespreadby just about everyoneacross the globe. It is thereforecriticalto locatea simpleand quick approach toconvert this pair of standard measurements.

The best way to Convert Inches to Centimetres

Converting inches to centimetres can be achievedeasilyby designing notations on a sheet of paper. Tips to Convert Inches to Centimeters with division and multiplication so this way is quite easy.

1. It isinitially crucial that youhave in mind the basicsforswitching from inches to centimetres. A centimetre isconsistentlyshortened to its symbol ‘cm’. The base unit of length is really a meter the other of its units of measurement is the centimetre. An inch is considered a unit of length as well and is commonly abbreviated to its symbol ” (double prime).

2. Converting inches to centimetres will demand familiarity withthe total number ofinches really are within thecentimetre. Each centimetre equals 2.54 inches. Trying to remember the amount”2.54″ could maketransforming inchesintocentimetres a breeze.

3. It means that 10 inches would likely be equivalent to 25.4 centimetres:

10 times 2.54 = 25.4 centimetres.

4. Here are a couple additional instances ofswitching inches into centimetres.

25 inches by 2.54 = 63.5 centimetres
50 inches x2.54 = 127 centimetres
500 inches x 2.54 =1270 centimetres

5. When theamount 2.54 is commited to memory, converting inches to centimetres will bevery simple to use.

6. As an alternative, converting centimetres into inches will requirean entirelydiverse equation. Just one centimetre is equivalent to 0.3937 inches. So if you feelaiming to convert centimetres toinches it becomes:

25 centimetres x 0.3937 = 9.8425 inches
50 centimetres by 0.3937Equals19.685 inches
500 centimetres x0.3937 = 196.84 inches  1 centimetre is equivalent to 0.3937 inches.

Read here for more information on: Convert Inches To Centimeters.

Millimeter
A millimeter is really a measurement unit of length which is equivalent to one thousandth of a meter.  The base unit is the meter that is one for seven base units within the International System of Units (SI). The outset of the meter go back to the 1700s France. There initially were two (2) approaches to defining the meter. Using a pendulum having a half of the period (time it takes to maneuver from one end and back) of one second as well as the other method was using one ten-millionth of the earth’s meridian along a quadrant.

The French Academy of Science selected the technique the meridian. Consequently the meaning of a meter has been changed many times with the most recent being “The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second”, this was defined by the CGPM in 1983. The SI unit breaks down the meter into multiples of ten (10) where one (1) meter is the same as the following:

1m = 10 decimeter (dm) = 100 centimeter (cm) = 1000 millimeter (mm)
Switching from a meter to any of the other subunits can be done by either adding or subtracting zeros. This can also be obtained by dividing or multiplying by 10, 100, or 1000.

Inch
An inch is a unit of length in the imperial system; it is additionally used to specify area in that of square inches. The term inch originated from the Latin word unica meaning “one twelfth part” referring to that of a foot. However, the inch was not defined from the foot as there is a exact description for an inch. It is thought that an inch is the distance between tip of the thumb and the first joint of the thumb, while other people think it was defined based on the yard. Different countries as well as different cities had fairly different units of length for an inch leading to different lengths and leading to confusion. This result in the international length which is defined based on the metric system one (1) inch is equivalent to 25.4 mm. The meaning was agreed upon by the United States and the Commonwealth in 1958.

Manipulations
A part of using these different units of length is being able to utilize them in everyday, being able to envision them and convert between both units. For example a meter is the length of yard stick together with a stick of chalk, and also a Bic pen together with the cap on is around 150 mm. A millimeter is estimated at the thickness of dime. Together with the establishment of the international inch it is possible to convert mm to inches. Using the connection of one (1) being equal to 25.4 mm, take the value you need to be transformed from mm to inch and divide by 25.4 hence:

Ans (inch) = (number in mm)/25.4
The alternative can also be carried out in order to convert mm to inch
Ans (mm) = (number in inches) x 25.4

Read here for more information on: Convert MM To Inches.

The word “forensic” represents scientific practices and methods that are used to study an offence and also to make it possible to resolve legal problems in a courtroom.  Forensic science, usually known as forensics, is the application of sciences to resolve questions regarding an offence.  Forensic scientists are those persons who give their scientific understanding to judges, attorneys and juries to understand the physical evidence of a criminal case.  Accordingly, forensic scientists are very important for recognizing and convicting criminals.  In many cases, it is the proof exposed by forensic scientists that verifies whether or not an individual is accountable or innocent in a crime.

SUBDIVISIONS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

Forensic science is an exceedingly broad sector and as such, it contains different subdivisions.  Here are ten insightful subdivisions of forensic science:

1.    Criminalistics – this is the use of a variety of sciences to supply answers having to do with criminal offense.  It involves the study of biological proof, trace proof and impression evidence which takes in finger prints, tire tracks and shoes or boots impacts.  Given that it relates to criminal inspections, proof is processed in a crime lab.

2.    Digital Forensics – as the term implies, digital forensics address electronic and digital media.  It relates to working with scientific techniques to reestablish records from digital or electronic media.

3.    Forensic DNA Analysis – this department deals with analyzing an individual’s Dna to resolve forensic concerns for example paternity or maternity testing, and understanding a criminal offence for instance rape.

4.    Forensic Engineering – in this department, buildings in addition to products are examined to determine their malfunction or reason for ruin.

5.    Forensic Entomology – this department is concerned with insects in or on human remains.  Investigation is done on the insects to discover whether the body had been shifted subsequent to death and also to figure out the time and location of death.

6.    Forensic Chemistry – this section addresses the discovery and identification of prohibited substances, explosives and gunshot remains for use in arson cases.

7.    Forensic Limnology – this is the investigation of proof obtained at a crime site close by fresh water places.  The use of biological organisms is useful in relating a defendant with a victim.

8.    Forensic Pathology – in this discipline, the concepts of medical science and pathology are applied to specify a reason for loss of life where a legal enquiry is done.

9.    Forensic Psychology – this category analyses mental performance of individuals making use of forensics to figure out the conditions driving a person’s unlawful doings.

10.    Forensic Toxicology – this category addresses drugs and toxins and the way they affect our body.

The Job Of A Typical FORENSIC SCIENTIST

A forensic scientist reviews the facts of a criminal activity scene and convey results to a court.  Proof may be accumulated from the site of the criminal activity or on the victim, or the two.  They examine physical evidence, execute tests and interpret data.  Subsequent to examining the evidence, they attempt to bring about connections from suspect to victim as well as to the offense site.  They explain their outcomes and present how they have arrived at their conclusion in a statement that is utilized as testimony in a court of law.  These records ought to be concise and honest.

Centimeter is the unit of measurement, the actual icon that would depict it is ‘cm’. Inch is also a unit of measurement and this is drafted ‘in’ in short and its particular sign is actually “. It could be a predicament for some people to use the measurement technique. It’s usually the way it is because individuals fully grasp that it really is arithmetic related and then they automatically assume that it’s difficult. Changing centimeters to inches in spite of this doesn’t require any type of long technique of difficult skills which might be manifestation of other kinds of mathematics problems.

It therefore doesn’t need to be puzzling and furthermore there happen to be effortless ways to do this this includes utilizing the different electronics for example scientific calculators or cellphones. You’ll also find several sources online which will assist you to simply key in the particular figures in centimeters that you would like to be changed into inches. There is a different way that you can try this and that is manually which includes a pencil and paper. As a student specifically, undertaking the actual transformation in centimeters to inches by hand could be more beneficial as you will have much more practice that hopefully will develop your math skills.

You’ll find equipment accessible that will make the actual change from centimeter to inches easier. For instance , rulers and also inch measures commonly employed by dress designers or maybe Tape measures employed by Trades men at work. There’s a simple, fast, on- the- go approach which you can employ when you like to convert centimeters to inches. You need to use 0.3937 multiplied by whatsoever amount you may have in centimeters to get the measurement in inches. So let’s state to illustrate you will need to convert 12 centimeters you can multiply that simply by 0.3937 which would give you 4.7244 inches (12 x 0.3932= 47244). Count 4 numbers from the right of the particular result which will be a decimal point. If you’re doing this then all you might need could be the calculator program in your mobile phone.

If you nonetheless opt to utilize the manual system of unit change then the table following is going to be of great importance and guidance.

“CM” Inches(Decimal version) Inches(Fraction form)
1 0.39 6.30/16
2 0.79 12.60/16
3 1.18 18.90/16
4 1.57 25.20/16
5 1.97 31.50/16
6 2.36 37.80/16
7 2.76 44.09/16
8 3.15 50.39/16
9 3.54 56.69/16
10 3.94 62.99/16
11 4.33 69.29/16
12 4.72 75.59/16
13 5.12 81.89/16
14 5.51 88.19/16
15 5.91 94.49/16
16 6.30 100.79/16
17 6.69 100.79/16
18 7.09 113.39/16
19 7.48 119.69/16
20 7.87 125.98/16
21 8.27 132.28/16
22 8.66 138.58/16
23 9.06 144.88/16
24 9.45 151.18/16
25 9.84 157.48/16
26 10.24 163.78/16
27 10.63 170.08/16
28 11.02 176.38/16
29 11.42 182.68/16
30 11.81 188.98/16
31 12.20 195.28/16
32 12.60 201.57/16
33 12.99 207.87/16
34 13.39 214.17/16
35 13.78 220.47/16
36 14.17 226.77/16
37 14.57 233.07/16
38 14.96 239.37/16
39 15.35 245.67/16
40 15.75 251.97/16
41 16.14 258.27/16
42 16.54 264.57/16
43 16.93 270.87/16
44 17.32 277.17/16
45 17.72 283.46/16
46 18.11 289.76/16
47 18.50 296.06/16
48 18.90 302.36/16
49 19.29 308.66/16
50 19.69 314.96/16

Find out how to turn Grams into Pounds

Conversion tables are usually discovered in elementary education but many individuals don’t preserve this information into maturity and require assistance with remembering and additionally switching from one way of measuring into the other. Weight measurements are very important and are also a main part of regular lifestyle.

Present day society uses weight measurements in pretty much everything. Grocery stores, supermarkets, shipping companies and many other places utilize measurements to sort out and file items. Even in everyday life, baking a cake or cooking a meal requires common expertise of conversion.

When purchasing goods in a grocery or supermarket some item’s price is based on wholly on simply how much they weigh. The most standard units of measurement applied during these situations is certainly ounces, grams in addition to pounds. Converting grams to pounds can be very trying if not equipped with basic converting knowledge.

For instance, market segments are likely to sell things by weight. It’s going to be really easy to be tricked or misled the cost of things if you don’t have knowledge of the weight and also measurement system. Below is a uncomplicated and rapid solution to convert grams into pounds.

The best way to convert Grams to Pounds

The procedure regarding converting grams to pounds is really easyand also requires little energy along with time. Changing from grams to pounds is a easy formula.

1. First of all, knowledge of the value of one measurement to a new one is vital to converting. When this is recognized and memorized converting will wind up being very easy.

2. Just one gram matches 0.0022 pounds. This means that for every single gram measured it is going to need to get multiplied with 0.0022 in order to discover the amount of pounds there are.

3. Remember this straightforward amount: 0.0022. The harder you repeat it to oneself. The easier it will likely be to reflect upon it if the time arrives.

4. Say for example you have or are planning to obtain a service that weighs a total of 5 grams. This will imply that for each and every gram 0.0022 will probably need to be multiplied. Consequently, 5 grams needs to be multiplied by the quantity 0.0022. So:

5 by 0.0022 equals 0.0110231131092439
This can shortened to 3 decimals places. Therefore five grams means 0.011 pounds.

5. Also five hundred grams is going to be:

500 by 0.0022 = 1.10231131092439
shortened to three decimals places it will signify five hundred grams equates to 1.102 pounds. As a whole number this means that five hundred grams is just over 1 pound.

6. One more illustration will be discovering the amount of pounds are availablein five thousand grams:

5000 by 0.0022 equals 11.0231131092439
during this period the solution is usually reduced to whole numbers and so 5,000 would result in eleven pounds. If it were reduced to three decimal places 5,000 grams would be equivalenent to 11.023 pounds.

7. In most instances you won’t need to be in need of a 3 decimal place solution.

But how about reversing practise? That may be straightforward. To uncover how many pounds are equal to grams simply remember this number: 453.59. That is the number of pounds are in one particular gram. Thus 500 pounds equals 226,795 grams. ? That is definitely basic.

Read here for more information on: Convert Grams To Pounds.

Mathematics is a very diverse subject and there are a number of people throughout the course of history, who have contributed in some way or the other. The list goes on and on. However there are a few famous mathematicians who have made significant contributions and whose names cannot be shrouded in mystery are listed as follows:

1)Euclid- He is probably the most famous mathematician of all times. His contribution known as “Euclid’s Elements” is divided into 13 books. The first six are based on plane geometry. Seven, eight and nine are based on number theory. Number ten is based on Eudoxus’s theory of irrational numbers. Eleven to thirteen comprise of solid geometry. And the last, but crucial part shows the properties of five regular polyhedrons and proof that there can be only five of them. The Elements are lucid regarding the order and the selection of problems and theorems. There are less extraneous material, minimum assumptions and logic in propositions. They were first published in 1942. He contributed in other fields such as on division of figures, optics, phenomena and data.

2)Archimedes- His name requires no introduction. He is one of the famous mathematicians of all times. His most notable contributions have been in the field of geometry regarding the areas and volumes of curved surfaces and areas of plane figures. He introduced the concept of integral calculus which was then theorized by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz and Isaac Newton. He was the pioneer to prove that volume of a sphere is equal to two-thirds the volume of a circumscribed cylinder. He also found the approximate value of pi by circumscribing and inscribing a circle with polygons with 96 sides. Some of his works were: measurement of a circle, on conoids and spheroids, on the sphere and cylinder, on plane equilibrium, on spirals, the sand reckoner, on floating bodies, quardrature of the parabola and stomachion and so on.

3)Pythagoras- His theorems are famous amongst school children too. He was a Greek mathematician who believed that all relations could be expressed as numerical relations, as in, all things are numbers. The Pythagorean theorem is thought to be proved by Pythagoras first. He also observed that the vibrating strings create harmonious notes if the ratio of the length of the strings are whole numbers. The same ratio can be sextended to other devices too.

4)Carl Friedrich Gauss- He was famous for his contribution to number theory. In the 18th century he proved the possibility of a 17 sided regular polygon with the help of a ruler and compass only. At the beginning of the 19th century his dissertation revealed the evidence of the fundamental theorem of algebra. He also gained prominence when he predicted the exact location of the appearance of the asteroid Ceres by calculating the orbit by an improved theory.

5)Ramanujam- Srinivasan Ramajunam Iyenger contributed to mathematical analysis, continued fractions, number theory and infinite series. He was one of the few famous mathematicians of India. The Ramanujam theta and Ramanujam prime have led to a tremendous further research.

People are always interested in happenings or creatures that are from out of this world. The old saga of the existence of aliens has been in circulation since 1950. There have been numerous reports of alien babies being discovered in ditches. Noticing the rise in these unusual occurences, there are numerous websites dedicated to this particular subject. Most people believe that the pictures are authentic, whereas some people consider the whole thing as a hoax. Some believe that they are babies that are malnutritioned, whereas other skeptics believe they are children of human beings with deformities or diseases.

Be it real or fantasy, some theories about an alien baby are hard to dismiss. For instance, the Marao Lopez case in 2007. In this scenario, this farmer in Mexico, found a bizarre looking extra-terrestrial creature and drowned it in a ditch, out of fear. However, later he reported that he had to keep the alien submerged in water for two hours, before it died.

After disposing it, the remains were sent to the university researcher who performed numerous tests and examination on the body. The DNA tests and scans performed on the body, were chiefly done to identify the corpse. After two years of intensive research, the results were publicized. They said that, the creature was definitely not human. They mentioned that the creture had bones which had reptilian characterstics, more specifically, those resembling a lizard. Its teeth are not rooted, the way humans’ are. It’s joints were similar to humans and had the ability to stay under water for a long period of time.

The alien baby had ears, eyes and cranium that were larger, as compared to other terrestrial animals. It also had a thin coating of skin. The posterior of the creature’s brain is usually huge and mostly researchers conclude, that the creature possessed a high degree of intelligence. However, when the corpse of the creature had decomposed to such an extent, that evidence generated would not be fool-proof, and were only the result of assumptions.

To make matters more intriguing, the farmer who killed the baby alien was found charred to death, in a parked car. After examining the body, it was found that the flames of fire which killed Lopez were of a higher temperature than usual. There were some wide speculation, that the death was a revenge murder by the alien baby parents. To add the cherry on top, there have been numerous sightings of Unidentified Flying Objects or UFOs and crop circle near the place, where the “kid” was discovered. Here on, the rumors get wilder. Apparently, there was a second alien but it ran off. Other speculations mention that, the aliens were deliberately left there, but nobody seems to have any answer or logic for any of these claims.

The Gauss’s Law states that the total of the electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity. So, in layman’s terms, it means the total unit charge in a closed system is the same or constant. The charge in an segregated system is the same. So, as a consequence of this Law, Michael Faraday conceptualized the Faraday Cage. This cage is a covering or insulator that keeps the interiors safe from electromagnetic waves and strong electric fields. In continuation with Gauss’s theory, all the extra energy or charge, positive or negative in a conductor must be retained on the surface of the conductor, if it is an equilibrium state.

The Faraday Cage was built in 1836, was and is based on these principles. It is a closed electricity conducting cell. It is usually made of a shell made of wire mesh or a solid conducting shell. It’s chief purpose is to keep a region totally cordoned off. The shell never has electric field inside, inspite of being placed in extremely strong external fields since the charges on the conducting surface rearrange themselves till the time the electric charges inside are at zero.

The cage is unable to block static and the magnetic fields that change slowly, for instance, the Earth’s magnetic field. Most probably, they (magnetic fields) cover or provide insulation to the interior from the exterior which may have electromagnetic radiation. The operation mostly dpends on the fact that an external electrical field (static) will cause the electrical flux (charges) within the cage’s conducting material to redistribute themselves which helps to cancel the field’s effect in the cage’s interior. In this method, electronic equipment from lightning strikes and other electrostatic charges.

Operation:

To work properly a Faraday Cage must have important physical attributes. The most important thing is, it is a solid shell that is made of a material that helps in the conduction of electricity. The most important principle involved in its working is, it has to completely cover its interior region. Due to its outer shell, the cage cannot have electrical fields, neither outside nor inside. In case it approaches a highly electrical zone, the charges on the shell rearrange themselves till they can nullify electrical activity inside. It works both ways. If the intrior of the cage has an electrical field, the charges remain inside and there is no escape.

Uses:

1)Lightning insulation- The basic reason why people do not get struck by the lightning when travelling by a car and a plain is mainly due to the Faraday effect. The enclosure acts as a cage and keep the electrical charges away from the interior. However, in times like these, one must touch the metal body as that can lead to instant death.

2)Industrial- It is also used to keep the electromagnetic fields safe from external interruption. Usually rooms in an industrial outlet, such as a computer server room may be built as a cage

3)Blocks electromagnetic waves- They are an used in certain construction sites. It can act as a protective covering from an electric field.

Visit here for more information on: Electrostatic Field Meter.

The physical world is full of units and measurements. Accurate measurements are required in every field to build proper infrastructure. The root of every creation is units. Everyday actions such as pouring water or milk in a cup to erecting buildings requires some or the other units. Other than that, there are units that are used to determine parameters such as length, breadth, height and so on.

There have been times when there have been different units around the globe. Due to these differences, the scientific results of various problems are hard to share and discuss. Each country or city usually has different different values for different measurements. For clarification of relevant scientific doubts it is advised to have constant values for particular paramenters. One of these, said parameter, is centimeters to inches.

The centimeter, is, however a standard accepted measurement or unit. It is a major part of International System of Units (ISU). This system has existed since the “Convention Du Metre” or the Treaty of the Meter in Paris on 20th of May 1875. Since then, 48 nations have voluntary signed and have been members of this treaty. One of those member nations is the U.S.

Before getting into conversion of units, one needs to understand and know what centimeters are all about. It is basically a unit of measurement which has been a part of metric system. A centimeter is around 0.39 inches in the U.S. When converted from metres to centimeters, 1 cm is about 1/100th of a meter. It is difficult to convert one unit to another since, there are a few things that are constant and rest of them are variables. But converting centimeters to inches is one of the simplest forms of conversions in the metric system.

There are some interesting ways of converting centimeters to inches by different methods but before that one needs to understand the concept of conversion too. So, how exactly does one calculate units? This question can be answered with the help of an illustration. Suppose there are two units named A and B. So, when one converts unit A into unit B, one requires to know what one unit of B is, in respect to unit A. Or if the unit B’s value is Z in terms of unit A, then the amount in unit A is divided by Z to know the corresponding value in unit B. For instance if unit B = 1/100th of unit A.

There are two different methods used to calculate- one is manually and the other is via calculator. Both of them are illustrated below:

Manually-

1)Note down the centimeter measurement which needs to be converted
2)Next multiply centimeters to 0.3937 since 1 cm= 0.3937 inches.

Example:

15 x 0.3937 = 5.9055 inches. To know the decimal point, count the number of digits that follow after the decimal in the variables.

Calculator

Switch on the calculator and multiply the two digits. The end result is the number in inches.

Grade Point Average or a GPA is every student’s nightmare. Over the age, there have been countless arguments and controversies, surrounding GPAs. Basic issues such as the need of GPA to complex debates such as, if GPA can be used to determine a student’s understanding of the subject. Before knowing how to calculate GPA, it is imperative to know what comprises Grade Point Average. It is a standard used to determine the standard of a student’s performance, academic wise.

The significance of a GPA varies from one form of educational institute to another. For instance, if a student scores a high GPA in high school, that can be used to determine, if a student can get into a particular college. Same goes for college GPA. Depending on a person’s college GPA, a company may decide to take on a particular candidate or not.

Although the purpose of GPA is the same, there are many formulae used in knowing how to calculate GPA. These different formulae may apply to both schools and college. Also, the value of a GPA varies from institution to institution. For instance a 3.3 GPA may be a B grade or a B- depending from school to school. To calculate the GPA as per the school/college one is planning to apply, they can calculate it accordingly.

This can be illustrated with the help of an example. The example is listed as below:

Suppose a school’s GPA’s values are: A= 4.0, A- = 3.67, B= 3.33, B- = 2.67, C= 2.33, C- = 1.67, D= 1.0, D- = .67, F=0.0.

If a person does three classes a term, and earns an A, B and a C-, to calculate the GPA, one would have to add them together and divide the total by the number of classes. So in this case, it would be
4.0+3.33+1.67/3 = 8.97/3 which gives us 2.99, which means the student gets a B grade.

Calculating a GPA of one semester is not enough, to get the grand total, it is important to know the GPA of every semester. The total GPA is also called the culminative Grade Point Average. Here, the GPA of every semester is taken into consideration and divided by the total number of classes. If one is unable to calculate the figures manually, there are special GPA calculators available online too. This is where one can enter the values and calculate the accurate GPA or CGPA.

There are two types of GPAs: weighted GPA and unweighted GPA. Unweighted GPA is the regular method of calculating the total score by adding the value of the grades and dividing it by the number of subjects or classes taken. Whereas the weighted GPA, is a tactic to increase a student’s grade. But this GPA generally depends on the level of the course that is undertaken by the student.

GPA, be it weighted or unweighted is an important part of a student’s life. Students and parents, at times, even teachers may crib about the insignificance of GPA in the corporate world, but it is also a standard measurement to know, how much a student has grasped the course. Knowing how to calculate GPA is only a ripple in the pond.

Read here for more information on: How To Find GPA